Early, acute or primary PPH occurs within 24 hours of birth
Usual Causes: Uterine atony (loss of uterine muscle tone)-can be caused by multiple births/large fetus/fetuses, prolonged labor, oxytocin induced labor, excess amniotic fluid, trauma during labor and birth-forcept-assisted birth, vaccum-assisted birth, cesarean birth, hypertensive disorders leading to preeclampsia, cervical incompetence, and recurrent abortions.
Late or secondary PPH occurs more than 24 hours but less than 6 weeks after birth
Usual Causes: Infection, lacerations of the birth canal, retained placental fragments, ruptured uterus, inversion of the uterus, coagulation disorders, placental abruption, placenta previa, manual removal of a retained placenta, magnesium sulfate administration during labor or postpartum period.
References Perry, S., Hockenberry, M., Lowdermilk, D., & Wilson, D. (2010). Maternal child nursing care. (4 ed., pp. 576-579). Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby Elsevier.
Sheiner, E., Sarid, L., Levy, A., Seidman, D.S., & Hallak, M. (2005). Obstetric risk factors and outcome of pregnancies complicated with early postpartum hemorrhage: A population-based study. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 18(3), 149-154.
Risk factors for Postpartum Hemmorhage (PPH)
Early, acute or primary PPH occurs within 24 hours of birth
Usual Causes:Uterine atony (loss of uterine muscle tone)-can be caused by multiple births/large fetus/fetuses, prolonged labor, oxytocin induced labor, excess amniotic fluid, trauma during labor and birth-forcept-assisted birth, vaccum-assisted birth, cesarean birth, hypertensive disorders leading to preeclampsia, cervical incompetence, and recurrent abortions.
Late or secondary PPH occurs more than 24 hours but less than 6 weeks after birth
Usual Causes:Infection, lacerations of the birth canal, retained placental fragments, ruptured uterus, inversion of the uterus, coagulation disorders, placental abruption, placenta previa, manual removal of a retained placenta, magnesium sulfate administration during labor or postpartum period.
ReferencesPerry, S., Hockenberry, M., Lowdermilk, D., & Wilson, D. (2010). Maternal child nursing care. (4 ed., pp. 576-579). Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby Elsevier.
Sheiner, E., Sarid, L., Levy, A., Seidman, D.S., & Hallak, M. (2005). Obstetric risk factors and outcome of pregnancies complicated with early postpartum
hemorrhage: A population-based study. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 18(3), 149-154.